The course introduces bioelectricity and the sensing concepts that enable obtaining information about neurons and their networks. The sources of electrical fields and currents in the context of biological systems are discussed. The fundamental concepts and challenges of measuring bioelectronic signals and the basic concepts to record optogenetically modified organisms are introduced.

Applying two fundamental principles of thermodynamics (entropy maximization and Gibbs energy minimization), an analytical model is derived for a variety of biological phenomena at the molecular as well as cellular level, and critically compared with the corresponding experimental data in the literature.

Maxwell’s equations are reinterpreted in the framework of Einstein's special relativity theory using the Lagrangian formalism in order to discover the deep interconnection between the electric and magnetic field. Its daily relevance is emphasized by pinpointing how GPS atomic clocks in satellites and on the earth are affected by frequency shifts which can be explained only in terms of relativity.

The category of "Laboratory Courses, Projects, Seminars" includes courses and laboratories in various formats designed to impart practical knowledge and skills. Moreover, these classes encourage independent experimentation and design, allow for explorative learning and teach the methodology of project work.

The category of "Laboratory Courses, Projects, Seminars" includes courses and laboratories in various formats designed to impart practical knowledge and skills. Moreover, these classes encourage independent experimentation and design, allow for explorative learning and teach the methodology of project work.

In-depth analysis of the quantum mechanics origin of nuclear magnetic resonance (qubits, two-level systems), of LASER (quantization of the electromagnetic field, photons), and of electron transfer (from electrochemistry to photosynthesis).